• In the present work we ask whether rNMP incorporation

  2019-12-16

  

  In the present work, we ask whether rNMP incorporation is an evolutionarily conserved property of DNA synthesis in Archaea. For this purpose, we used the best characterized hyperthermophilic anaerobe, Pyrococcus abyssi GE5 [47]. This strain duplicates its genome as fast as Bacteria, supported by euk

• Introduction The inflammation process involves sequential ac

  2019-12-16

  

  Introduction The inflammation process involves sequential activation of signaling molecules, pro-inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and oxygen free radicals [1]. Two cyclooxygenases PD 169316 were responsible for activation of the production of prostaglandins (PG1s) and o

• In bone PGE exerts both anabolic and catabolic

  2019-12-14

  

  In bone, PGE2 exerts both anabolic and catabolic effects [6], [7], [8], [9]. Administration of PGE2 to mice lacking each of the four prostanoid receptors identified EP4 as the primary mediator of PGE2-induced bone formation [10]. While the role of EP1 in osteoblastic differentiation and bone metabol

• br Abbreviations br Introduction br Collagen induced

  2019-12-14

  

  Abbreviations Introduction Collagen-induced DDR activation A key feature of DDRs is their ability to bind both fibrillar and non-fibrillar collagens (Shrivastava et al., 1997, Vogel et al., 1997). DDR1 and DDR2 recognize the GVMGVO (O, hydroxyproline) motif within fibrillar collagens I–III

• E3330 br Conflicts of interest br Acknowledgements This

  2019-12-13

  

  Conflicts of interest Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation No 31003A-179400 to AO. We thank Dr. Thierry Langer, University of Vienna and Inte:Ligand GmbH, for providing the LigandScout Software, and Dr. Daniela Schuster, Paracelsus Medical Universit

• On the other hand p responds to environmental stress

  2019-12-13

  

  On the other hand, p38 responds to environmental stress, including ultraviolet light, heat, osmotic shock, and inflammatory cytokines (Pearson et al., 2001, Kumar et al., 2003), and is activated in astrocytes after ischemia-like injury (Yung and Tolkovsky, 2003, Niu et al., 2009). Moreover, p38 acti

• Taking into account that Gr dysfunction is involved

  2019-12-13

  

  Taking into account that Gr dysfunction is involved in the molecular mechanisms underlying HPA axis disorder (Li et al., 2017b) and Gr activity has been reported to be lowered in patients with severe mood disorders (Rush et al. 1996) and in adult rats (Green et al. 2016), PFOS could alter HPA axis a

• Although in vitro and in vivo immunosuppressive

  2019-12-13

  

  Although, in vitro and in vivo immunosuppressive effects of female steroids have been described in fish (Yamaguchi et al., 2001, Law et al., 2001), their mode of action was not evaluated in detail. Consequently, it is of considerable interest to investigate the intracellular pathways that regulate t

• For most enolases fluoride acts as an inhibitor while

  2019-12-13

  

  For most enolases, fluoride acts as an inhibitor, while Mg2+ is the most important metal activator. In yeast systems, metal cations and fluoride bind to enolase at the active center of the enzyme, forming a complex. The complex blocks the binding of substrates to the enzyme in yeast systems, thereby

• br Introduction As a serine proteinase and a

  2019-12-13

  

  Introduction As a serine proteinase and a sub-family of the chymotrypsin-like proteinase, Glutamyl endopeptidase (GE), which is mainly found in Bacillus species, specifically cleaves negatively charged amino GS-7340 residues (Glu/Asp) (Yokoi et al., 2001). Madsen et al. (Madsen & Qvist, 1997) re

• Pursuant to our in vitro

  2019-12-13

  

  Pursuant to our in vitro data that neutrophilic elastase activated the elastase-dependent oncolytic virus, we initially hypothesized that tumor-infiltrating neutrophils could be the source for elastase in tumor tissue. However, we did not detect neutrophils in the PANC-1 tumor tissue where we observ

• br Materials and methods Details

  2019-12-13

  

  Materials and methods Details on materials and methods can be found in the Supplemental material section. Results Discussion In our experiments we mimicked inflammation by LPS challenge of M0 macrophages. We discovered a strong increase in expression of CH25H and CYP7B1 while CYP27A1 and H

• Transcription can also be impaired by lesions

  2019-12-13

  

  Transcription can also be impaired by lesions in the template DNA strand, which may lead to stalling of RNA polymerase (RNAP) or to transcriptional mutagenesis, thus producing mutant RNAs and proteins [[3], [4], [5], [6], [7]]. At the same time, RNAP can act as a sensor for DNA lesions, by attracti

• The larger eukaryotic ligases such as LigI

  2019-12-13

  

  The larger eukaryotic ligases, such as LigI and LigIV, also possess an additional N-terminal DNA-binding domain (DBD) that is required for efficient ligation (Fig. 1c) and enables these ligases to encircle DNA [17]. An equivalent helix–hairpin–helix domain is also present in the bacterial NAD-depend

• Next the BE obtained for the

  2019-12-13

  

  Next, the BE obtained for the different complexes were evaluated. From the BE obtained from our MD simulations, a very good binder can be differentiated from a very weak binder (−11.85 kcal/mol for MTX vs. −6.74 and −3.61 kcal/mol for compounds 14b and 15c, respectively) but ligands with similar bin

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