• NF B is a family of protein mediators that

  2020-03-12

  

  NF-κB is a family of protein mediators that regulate various innate and adaptive immune responses [29,30]. The NF-κB family consists of the following five proteins: c-Rel (Rel); p65 (RelA); RelB; p50(NF-κB1); and p52(NF-κB2). It has been confirmed that NF-κB is activated by TNF family cytokines, suc

• After activation AKT phosphorylates target proteins involved

  2020-03-12

  

  After activation, AKT phosphorylates target proteins involved in cell growth, metabolism and survival (Manning and Cantley, 2007). For example, AKT phosphorylates the pro-apoptotic protein BAD, preventing it from binding to and inactivating Bcl-xL in mitochondria (Datta et al., 1997). In turn, Bcl-x

• br Introduction Our understanding of

  2020-03-12

  

  Introduction Our understanding of how ligands interact with G protein coupled receptors is evolving, particularly the recognition that some have the ability to preferentially activate a subset of intracellular signalling cascades – so called pathway biased ligands [1]. Additionally, it is now acc

• br Conflict of Interest br Statement of Authorship

  2020-03-12

  

  Conflict of Interest Statement of Authorship Introduction Plant endopeptidases are involved in many important biological processes. Recent developments in molecular biological techniques have revealed trace amounts of endopeptidases play essential roles in plant development, turnover of pho

• The enantiomeric ratio ER of chiral compounds

  2020-03-12

  

  The enantiomeric ratio (ER) of chiral compounds accumulated in organisms has been found to be different among species (Borga and Bidleman, 2005, Harner et al., 1999, Warner et al., 2005, Wiberg et al., 2000), indicating enantioselective accumulation of chiral compounds are species-specific. The ER o

• The important role of miRNAs in cellular differentiation has

  2020-03-12

  

  The important role of miRNAs in cellular differentiation has been proposed recently. Previous studies had suggested roles for different miRNAs during osteogenesis [20]. Certain miRNAs could promote osteoblast differentiation, such as miR-194 [20], whereas others could inhibit the cell differentiatio

• E protein expressed in a plasmid

  2020-03-12

  

  E1 protein expressed in a plasmid encoding codon-optimized canine oral papillomavirus (COPV) led to therapeutic immunization of COPV-infected Beagle dogs [25], [26], which was better than that achieved with plasmids encoding E2 or E7 COPV. Moreover, E1 and E2 from cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (C

• br Assessing DUB activity The

  2020-03-12

  

  Assessing DUB activity The Ub field has benefited greatly from the past efforts of biochemists and chemical biologists who have reconstituted Ub signals in vitro and generated tools for capturing or measuring DUB activities, many of which can be readily produced or are commercially available (Ekk

• DAPK is involved in the p dependent apoptotic

  2020-03-11

  

  DAPK-1 is involved in the p53 dependent apoptotic pathway and it is a mediator of γ-interferon induced apoptosis. DAPK-1 is also involved in other death signaling pathways (tumor necrosis factor-α, CD95 and transforming growth factor-β) and it blocks tumor metastasis in vivo. The loss of DAPK mRNA A

• HEK cells stably transfected with CysLT were

  2020-03-11

  

  HEK-293 A-71623 stably transfected with CysLT1 were stimulated with LTD and internalization was studied by confocal microscopy, FACS or cell-surface ELISA. Cells were co-transfected with wildtype and dominant negative (DN) mutants of arrestin and dynamin. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was investig

• In this study CK C

  2020-03-11

  

  In this study, CK1δ(ΔC) prepared from BL21(DE3)pλPP had the highest kinase activity among the three isoforms tested when using casein as a substrate. Therefore, CK1δ(ΔC) from BL21(DE3)pλPP has the potential to be a “phosphorylating reagent” that may be widely used in experiments of phosphorylation a

• More recently it was discovered

  2020-03-11

  

  More recently, it was discovered that BChE hydrolyzes the neuropeptide gut hormone, ghrelin [25], [26], [27], [28]. Nonetheless, because the enzyme reaction is very slow, those who first reported this finding were initially reluctant to attribute a real physiological role for that phenomenon. Our ow

• We report our experience using conventional cytogenetic

  2020-03-11

  

  We report our experience using conventional cytogenetic analysis, FISH using EWSR1 break-apart probes, RT-PCR, and Sanger sequencing to detect characteristic translocations in a total of 32 patients with ES diagnosed at Texas Children\'s Hospital over a 5-year interval. Materials and methods R

• Then the mechanisms responsible for

  2020-03-11

  

  Then the mechanisms responsible for BPA induced up regulation of ERRγ were further investigated. Recent studies indicated that Akt and MPAK can modulate the protein levels and transcriptional activities of ERRγ (Heckler et al., 2014, Sun et al., 2014). Previous studies also indicated that BPA can ac

• Among the down regulated genes

  2020-03-11

  

  Among the down-regulated genes were several of interest. Coronin2a (Coro2a), a component of the nuclear receptor co-repressor complexes, contributes to de-repression of inflammatory response genes (Huang et al., 2011). Mill1, an MHC family member expressed in hair follicles, represses wound healing

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