• Although CP has been an important

  2023-11-21

  

  Although CP has been an important research subject in the field of antigen processing and presentation, the mechanisms of presentation of intracellular natriuretic peptide receptor by MHC II received considerably less attention. Interestingly, pioneering work by the Münz laboratory has pointed to an

• Because the V ATPase inhibitors that have

  2023-11-21

  

  Because the V-ATPase inhibitors that have been employed in these studies (including bafilomycin and concanamycin), are membrane permeant, they inhibit all the V-ATPases in the cell. This is important since it is possible that intracellular V-ATPases, in addition to those present at the plasma membra

• The apoptosis promoting Bcl family includes BH

  2023-11-21

  

  The apoptosis-promoting Bcl-2 family includes BH3-only proteins (e.g., Bim, Bid and Bad) and multiple-domain proteins (e.g., Bax and Bak). At the time of apoptosis stimulation (e.g., DNA damage), only the BH3-only protein is activated, directly or indirectly promoting Bax/Bak oligomerization, changi

• Introduction Cytochrome P CYP aromatase catalyzes the conver

  2023-11-21

  

  Introduction Cytochrome P450 19 (CYP19; aromatase) catalyzes the conversion of androgens to estrogens in a three-reaction sequence, where each step depends on NADPH and O2 [[1], [2], [3]]. The first two steps are accepted to be hydroxylations of the steroid C19 methyl group, whereas the final step

• It is now thought that

  2023-11-21

  

  It is now thought that tight binding of HMGB to condensed chromatin may not be restricted to apoptotic cells. That HMGB proteins might actually be involved in the organization and/or maintenance of heterochromatic regions is suggested by the results of experiments analyzing the stable binding of the

• br Antifungal resistance what is

  2023-11-21

  

  Antifungal resistance, what is in a name? Antifungal resistance is an emerging and hot topic in the field of medical mycology. Microbiological resistance is identified by determining minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in vitro for a given antifungal and interpreting this value according to

• Breast Cancer Although androgens have been considered to be

  2023-11-21

  

  Breast Cancer: Although androgens have been considered to be a risk factor in prostate cancer they have been recommended to treat breast cancers. Even before the discovery of SERMs and aromatase inhibitors, steroidal androgens such as medroxyprogesterone and fluoxymesterone were used to treat breast

• These mutations induce the gene

  2023-11-20

  

  These mutations induce the gene auto-activation in 10–40% of adenocarcinomas, triggering the EGFR-signaling pathway in the absence of ligand. That leads to an uncontrolled acceleration of cell proliferation, survival and anti-apoptotic signals (Couraud et al., 2012). The frequency of these mutations

• Since the first studies of betaine aldehyde oxidation in

  2023-11-20

  

  Since the first studies of betaine aldehyde oxidation in rats [13], the participation of betaine in the detoxification of homocysteine has well described, considering the activity of other dub ubiquitin as betaine homocysteine methyltransferase and methionine synthase. But, there is a lack of atten

• br AKT signaling is essential

  2023-11-20

  

  AKT signaling is essential during early dorsal patterning, neural crest induction and maturation AKT signaling modulates EMT and migration of the neural crest cells The defining feature of NC cells is their delamination from the dorsal neural epithelium. At the end of neurulation, mature premi

• br Hyperadiponectinemia in disease conditions

  2023-11-20

  

  Hyperadiponectinemia in disease conditions Other evidence indicates that hyperadiponectinemia does not necessarily always imply a healthy outcome. Indeed, a recent study suggested that hyperadiponectinemia occurs in various diseases. Given that the risk for AD and vascular dementia is increased i

• Among the enzymes involved in adenosine metabolism adenosine

  2023-11-20

  

  Among the enzymes involved in adenosine metabolism, adenosine kinase plays an important role in regulating formation and release of endogenous adenosine in cardiomyocytes as well as vascular endothelial cells Decking et al., 1997, Kowaluk et al., 1998, Smolenski et al., 1994. Inhibition of adenosine

• br AMPK structure and mechanism of action

  2023-11-20

  

  AMPK: structure and mechanism of action AMPK is a metabolic master switch that regulates downstream signals based on shifts in the surrounding energy reservoir [6]. It is expressed in a number of tissues, including the kidney, the liver, the skeletal muscle, the adipose tissue, and the hypothalam

• Diabetes or inflammation is associated with

  2023-11-20

  

  Diabetes or inflammation is associated with up-regulation of A2AAR (Pang et al., 2010). High levels of A2AARs are found in macrophages and microglial cells that are poised, on activation, to abrogate the immune response (Trincavelli et al., 2008). In addition, hyperglycemia is associated with increa

• Our second patient years old male

  2023-11-20

  

  Our second patient, 42years old male, a farmer, was all right when he went to sleep, but noticed drooping of eyelids and swallowing difficulty when he woke up. He later developed flaccid weakness of all four limbs and was quadriplegic when he was wheeled into the emergency room. He was tachypneic an

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